cAMP domains associated with gene expression regulation
cAMP in the nucleus is produced by soluble ACs. AKAP95 was found to anchor PKA in the nucleus in HEK293T cells, forming a cAMP domain regulated by PDE4A and PDE4D. cAMP in the nucleus regulates gene expression related to cell hypertrophy, apoptosis, and other processes. On the nuclear membrane, another cAMP domain includes mAKAPĪ², EPAC, PKA, and PDE4D. Abbreviations: AKAP, A-kinase anchoring protein; CREB, cAMP response element-binding protein; EPAC, exchange protein directly activated by cAMP; PDE, phosphodiesterase; PKA, protein kinase A.