Molecular mechanisms of the lncRNA H19 in various cardiovascular pathologies, focusing on (A) diabetes mellitus-induced retinopathy, (B) atherosclerosis, (C) cardiac disease, (D) cerebrovascular disease, (E) aneurysmal disease, and (F) pulmonary hypertension
Abbreviations: CM, cardiomyocyte; EndoMT, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition; HIBD, hypoxic-ischemic brain damage; HFD, high-fat diet; MI, myocardial infarction; I/R, ischemia–reperfusion; MCT, monocrotaline; ox-LDL, oxidized low-density lipoprotein; PAB, pulmonary artery banding; SAH, subarachnoid hemorrhage; TAC, transverse aortic constriction; VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cell.