(a), Expression of PKN1, PKN2 and PKN3 in human hearts. Data were mined from an RNASeq database of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM; n = 97) and normal controls (Con; n = 108). Data for individual samples are shown with false discovery rates (FDR). (b and c) Immunoblotting of phospho-PKN1/2, total PKN1, total PKN2 and GAPDH in hearts from wild-type (WT) or Pkn2Het mice treated for 7 days with vehicle (Veh, V) or 0.8 mg/kg/d angiotensin II (AngII, A). Immunoblots are shown on the left with densitometric analysis on the right (normalised to the mean of vehicle-treated controls). Individual data points are provided with means ± SEM. Analysis used two-way ANOVA with Holm–Sidak's post-test. (d–h), Echocardiography of hearts from WT and Pkn2Het mice at baseline (d and e) or treated with vehicle or AngII for 7 days (f–h). Representative short-axis M-mode images used for assessment of cardiac dimensions are shown at baseline (d) and after treatment (f) (the same animals are shown). (g), Representative long-axis B-mode images used for speckle-tracking and strain analysis to assess cardiac function are shown after 7 days treatment. (e and h), Echocardiograms were analysed. Individual data points are provided with means ± SEM. Additional data are provided in Supplementary Table S1 and histology in S2. Analysis used unpaired, two-tailed t-tests (e) or two-way ANOVA with Holm–Sidak's post-test (g). LV, Left ventricle; ID, internal diameter; AW, anterior wall; PW, posterior wall; EDLVM, end diastolic LV mass.