Key: red arrows—dysfunctional metabolism in unscheduled glycolysis. Metabolic intermediates in glycolysis from GA3P to pyruvate have been omitted for clarity. NB formation of MG and metabolism by the glyoxalase system has a flux of only approximately 0.05–0.1% of the metabolic flux through glycolysis. Abbreviations: DHAP, dihydroxyacetonephosphate; F-1,6-bis-P, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate; F-6-P, fructose-6-phosphate; G-6-P, glucose-6-phosphate; GA3P, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate; Glo1, glyoxalase 1; Glo2, glyoxalase 2; GSH, glutathione; HK1, hexokinase-1; HK2, hexokinase-2; MCT 1–4, monocarboxylate transporters 1–4; MG, methylglyoxal; ROS, reactive oxygen species; VDAC, voltage-dependent anion channel. Modified from [41].