Pro-inflammatory/pro-atherogenic and anti-inflammatory/anti-atherogenic immune responses are characterised by distinct metabolic traits. Whereas OXPHOS and FAO prevail in anti-nflammatory/anti-atherogenic immune cells (e.g., M2 macrophages and Tregs), glycolysis, PPP, and fatty acid synthesis (FAS) are characteristic in in pro-inflammatory/pro-atherogenic immune cells (e.g., M1 macrophages and T effector cells). Abbreviations: ARG1, arginase 1; FAS, fatty acid synthase; GLUT1, glucose transporter 1; HIF-1a, hypoxia inducible factor 1α; IDO, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; iNOS, inducible nitric oxidase; SGLT2, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2.
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