Mitochondrial structure and function are anisotropic within cells and heterogeneous among tissues
(A) Schematic of the mitochondrial energy transduction system. Energy from fuel combustion is transduced through the redox reactions of the ETS to generate a pmf. The pmf is dissipated at steady state to drive endergonic work processes such as oxidative phosphorylation and metabolite transport against concentration and charge gradients. ‘IMS’ denotes the intermembrane space. (B) Mitochondria (M) vary in phenotype within cells (indicated by different colors and connections), and spatial distribution of mitochondrial functions may contribute significantly to cell physiology. Cell nucleus is labeled (N). (C) Mitochondrial phenotypes vary across tissues and demonstrate features (e.g. functional proteomes) that reflect the metabolic demands of the source tissue. In this example, ontological protein enrichment of tissue-specific metabolic pathways in mitochondrial isolated from brain, heart, liver, and kidney are shown. Information adapted from Johnson et al. [13].