In the primary signalling cascade, PARP13 promotes RIG-I activation, PARP7 inhibits TBK1 and PARP10 inhibits NEMO-dependent signalling, whereas PARP12 facilitates NF-κB-dependent transcription, PARP14 promotes IRF3/7-dependent production of interferons and PARP13 restricts IFN mRNA levels. In the secondary cascade, PARP11 reduces IFN receptor levels, while PARP9 and PARP14 have antagonistic roles in STAT1-mediated induction of ISGs. Refer to the main text for further clarification.