(A) Contains the survival curve; rats were only counted as dead if they euthanized of natural causes or reached a humane endpoint that required them to be killed. (B) Displays spontaneous deaths, pie charts are shown to list the cause of death in male (top) and female (bottom) DA rats. Rats were either found dead of unknown reasons or reached a humane endpoint that required euthanasia. Two male rats died from ketamine-xylazine anesthesia use prior to the time when we initiated using the antidote atipamezole, and five male and two female rats died after exposure to ketamine-xylazine anesthesia followed by atipamezole treatment to shorten recovery time.