Altered MAMs function can directly affect the indicated pathways, including intracellular aberrant calcium, lipid homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and autophagy. Each of which can have one or more effects that ultimately lead to the pathologic changes in AD. Although the relative one-to-one connection between MAMs functions and AD pathologies has been outlined, there are close interactions among those various MAMs functions. The serial events mediated by aberrant MAMs function can ultimately result in neuronal dysfunction and apoptosis. see text for details. MAM, Mitochondria-Associated Membrane; AD, Alzheimer's disease; mtPTP, mitochondrial permeability transition pore; Aβ, β-amyloid; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; ROS, reactive oxygen species; ACAT1, cholesterol acyltransferase 1.