ECM DAMPs such as soluble decorin, tenascin-c and fibrinogen can activate an inflammatory response by binding to the TLR2 and TLR4 receptors. TLR activation leads to nuclear translocation of NF-κB and subsequent activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines that comprise the SASP such as IL-1β, IL-6, CXCL8, interferon (IFN)-γ and TNF-α.