(A) ARPE-19 cells were treated with 6.25, 12.5, 25, or 50 μM MADE for 24 h. Cell viability was assessed using CCK-8 assay. (B) ARPE-19 cells were pre-treated with 6.25, 12.5, or 25 μM MADE for 2 h and then exposed to 300 μM H₂O₂ for 24 h. Cell viability was assessed using CCK-8 assay. (C) LDH release was measured to assess cell injury. n=5. *P<0.05 vs. control group; ^#P<0.05 vs. H₂O₂ group.