(A) LEfSe analysis was used to distinguish the differential microbiome between two groups. The different-coloured nodes represent microbial populations that were significantly enriched in the corresponding groups and that showed significant differences between the groups. The yellow nodes indicate microbial groups that showed no significant differences between two groups. The circles going from the inside to the outside represent the phylum, class, order, family, and genus. a: Firmicutes, b: Clostridia, c: Clostridiales, d: Lachnospiraceae, e: Blautia, f: Eubacterium_hallii, g: Eubacterium_rectale, h: Ruminococcaceae, i: Streptococcaceae, j: Streptococcus, k: Veillonellaceae, l: Bifidobacteriales, m: Bifidobacteriaceae, n: Bifidobacterium, o: Proteobacteria, p: Gammaproteobacteria, q: Enterobacteriaceae, r: Enterobacteriaceae, s: Escherichia_Shigella. (B) LDA was performed, and only the microbiota with LDA scores of >4 are shown. (C) The F/B ratio was calculated using the Mann–Whitney U test. NS, not significant. (D) At the phylum level, the four most abundant bacterial communities were compared using Wilcoxon’s rank-sum test. Microbiota enriched in PE are indicated with red text, whereas those enriched in HPC are indicated with blue text. **P<0.01, ***P<0.001. (E) At the genus level, the most abundant bacterial communities were compared using Wilcoxon’s rank-sum test. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.