(A,B) Effect of prenatal cold stress on systolic (A) and diastolic (B) blood pressure in adult offspring. SBP and DBP were recorded by the tail-cuff method in conscious prenatal cold-exposed and control offspring at 4–24 weeks of age (*P<0.05 vs control, n=10/group). (C,D) Effect of prenatal cold stress on urine volume (C) and urine sodium (D) in adult offspring. Urine was collected in prenatal cold-exposed and control offspring at 4–24 weeks of age (*P<0.05 vs cold group, n=10/group). (E) Effect of prenatal cold stress on heart rate in adult offspring. The heart rate was measured at 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 weeks of age in conscious rats (*P<0.05 vs control, n=10/group).