(A–E) the staining was strongly positive in groups A–E at TNF-α for 3 weeks, SP ×400. (F) At 6 weeks, TNF-α staining in group A was strongly positive, SP ×400. (G–J) TNF-α staining was moderately positive in groups B–E at 6 weeks, SP ×400. (K) At 12 weeks, TNF-α staining in group A was strongly positive, SP ×400. (L–O) TNF-α staining was weakly positive in groups B–E at 12 weeks, SP ×400. (P) At 3, 6, and 12 weeks after the operation, the percentage of TNF-α positive cells in each group is shown. Compared with groups A, B, C, and D, *P<0.05; Compared with group C, ^#P>0.05.