Culture medium conditioned by healthy or preeclamptic placental explants, following exposure to no NPs, blank-NPs or MitoQ-NPs, was applied to mixed cortical cultures, astrocyte-only cortical cultures or neuron-only cortical cultures (A). To establish the role of astrocytes in mediating the effects of placenta-conditioned medium on cortical cultures, culture medium from the exposed astrocyte-only cultures was applied to neuron-only cultures (B); in order to investigate the role of neurons in mediating the effects of placenta condition medium on cortical cultures, culture medium from neuron-only cultures that had been exposed to placenta-conditioned medium was applied to astrocyte-only cultures (C).