Role of astrocytes in mediating effects of PE medium on neurons
(A–C) Neuron-only cortical cultures were exposed directly to medium conditioned by healthy or preeclamptic placental explants, which had been pre-treated with no NPs, blank-NPs or MitoQ-NPs. (D–F) In a second experiment, neuron-only cultures were exposed to medium collected from astrocyte-only cortical cultures, which had previously been exposed to the placenta conditioned medium, and some neuronal cultures were additionally pre-treated with NMDA receptor antagonist MK801. Neuronal dendrite lengths (A,D), TH+ process lengths (B,E) and glutamate receptor subunit GluN1 levels (C,F) were measured (data are presented as means + S.E.M.; *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001).