FigureĀ 2.
Freezing techniques must be adapted to sample thickness. Specimens thinner than a few microns can be plunge-frozen in liquid ethane, while thicker specimens must be frozen under high pressure to achieve vitrification. Whole cells can be plunge-frozen if they are very thin (like some bacterial cells), or if the aim is tomography of the thinnest peripheral regions. Thicker plunge-frozen material may need to be thinned to become electron-transparent in order to be imaged. High-pressure frozen blocks can be sectioned, although more recently FIB-milling has been successfully used to thin FIB-milled specimens.
An overview of sample preparation approaches for CET.

Freezing techniques must be adapted to sample thickness. Specimens thinner than a few microns can be plunge-frozen in liquid ethane, while thicker specimens must be frozen under high pressure to achieve vitrification. Whole cells can be plunge-frozen if they are very thin (like some bacterial cells), or if the aim is tomography of the thinnest peripheral regions. Thicker plunge-frozen material may need to be thinned to become electron-transparent in order to be imaged. High-pressure frozen blocks can be sectioned, although more recently FIB-milling has been successfully used to thin FIB-milled specimens.

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