(A) Western blot analysis of aortic tissues from saline, single dose and chronic HFD cohorts injected with insulin immediately prior to culling. Quantification of p-IR (Tyr^1162/1163) (B), p-Akt (Ser⁴⁷³) (C), p-S6 (Ser^235/236) (D) and total PTP1B (E) using ImageJ software. Data are represented as mean ± S.E.M. and analysed by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s t tests where *P≤0.05 when compared with saline control.