...-binding, leucine-rich repeat immune receptors (NLRs), leading to effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Here, we review how NLRs recognize effectors with a focus on direct interactions and summarize recent research findings on the signalling functions of NLRs. Coiled-coil (CC)-type NLR proteins execute immune...

... and discuss protein and transcription factor signalling hubs that mediate hormone interplay. Correspondence: Susan Breen ( sbreen001@dundee.ac.uk ) 15 03 2022 30 06 2022 04 07 2022 Below we have tried to illustrate how the intricate networks of plant responses to phytohormones...

...) represent the two tiers of immunity initiated after sensing microbial patterns at the cell surface or pathogen effectors secreted into plant cells, respectively. Recent evidence of PTI-ETI cross-potentiation suggests a close interplay of signalling pathways and defense responses downstream of perception...

... the links between the accumulation of misfolded proteins and the activation of signalling pathways that cope with folding stress within the organelle. Finally, we propose new research directions that would help to elucidate novel molecular mechanisms to maintain chloroplast proteostasis. Correspondence...

...Shamshad Cockcroft Lipids are essential constituents of cellular membranes. Once regarded merely as structural components, lipids have taken centre stage with the discovery of their roles in cell signalling and in the generation of bioactive metabolites. Lipids regulate many physiological functions...

... of diseases gathered under the name ‘ciliopathies’. The cilium distal tip is where it grows and signals. Yet, out of the flagellar regions, the distal tip is probably the least intensively studied. In this review, we will summarise the current knowledge on the diverse flagellar tip structures, the dynamicity...

...Philip Stahl; Graça Raposo; Ana-Citlali Gradilla; Eléanor Simon; Gustavo Aguilar; Isabel Guerrero Signalling from cell-to-cell is fundamental for determining differentiation and patterning. This communication can occur between adjacent and distant cells. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane...

... signalling response in the target cell. Of note, also exosomal mRNAs are functional and can be translated in the target cell [ 9 ], thus providing a direct method of modulating recipient cell protein production. Observations in glioblastoma [ 29 ] and mesenchymal stem cells [ 30 ] support this notion...

...Jon D. Lane; Viktor I. Korolchuk; James T. Murray; Jane Fraser; Ainara G. Cabodevilla; Joanne Simpson; Noor Gammoh Vesicular trafficking events play key roles in the compartmentalization and proper sorting of cellular components. These events have crucial roles in sensing external signals...

...Jon D. Lane; Viktor I. Korolchuk; James T. Murray; Jon D. Lane; Viktor I. Korolchuk; James T. Murray Essays in Biochemistry volume 61 (issue 6), entitled Signalling Mechanisms in Autophagy , covers a range of topics in autophagy signalling, touching on emerging new details on the mechanisms...