Plants have evolved complex tolerance systems to survive abiotic and biotic stresses. Central to these programmes is a sophisticated conversation of signals between the chloroplast and the nucleus. In this review, we examine the antagonism between abiotic stress tolerance (AST) and immunity: we propose that to generate immunogenic signals, plants must disable AST systems, in particular those that manage reactive oxygen species (ROS), while the pathogen seeks to reactivate or enhance those systems to achieve virulence. By boosting host systems of AST, pathogens trick the plant into suppressing chloroplast immunogenic signals and steer the host into making an inappropriate immune response. Pathogens disrupt chloroplast function, both transcriptionally—by secreting effectors that alter host gene expression by interacting with defence-related kinase cascades, with transcription factors, or with promoters themselves—and post-transcriptionally, by delivering effectors that enter the chloroplast or alter the localization of host proteins to change chloroplast activities. These mechanisms reconfigure the chloroplast proteome and chloroplast-originating immunogenic signals in order to promote infection.
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April 2018
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Review Article|
December 22 2017
The role of chloroplasts in plant pathology
Robert G. Sowden;
Robert G. Sowden
1Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, U.K.
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Samuel J. Watson;
Samuel J. Watson
1Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, U.K.
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Paul Jarvis
1Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, U.K.
Correspondence: Paul Jarvis (paul.jarvis@plants.ox.ac.uk)
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Publisher: Portland Press Ltd
Received:
September 27 2017
Revision Received:
November 22 2017
Accepted:
November 28 2017
Online ISSN: 1744-1358
Print ISSN: 0071-1365
© 2017 The Author(s). Published by Portland Press Limited on behalf of the Biochemical Society
2018
Essays Biochem (2018) 62 (1): 21–39.
Article history
Received:
September 27 2017
Revision Received:
November 22 2017
Accepted:
November 28 2017
Citation
Steven Gutteridge, Robert G. Sowden, Samuel J. Watson, Paul Jarvis; The role of chloroplasts in plant pathology. Essays Biochem 13 April 2018; 62 (1): 21–39. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/EBC20170020
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