.... Mechanisms of action include inhibition of viral cell entry, inhibition of viral proteases, and stimulation of cellular innate immune responses. The anti-inflammatory properties of cannabinoids are also under investigation for mitigating the cytokine storm of COVID-19 and controlling chronic inflammation...

...Jaroslav Pelisek; Benedikt Reutersberg; Urs F Greber; Alexander Zimmermann Although COVID-19 is primarily a respiratory disease, it may affect also the cardiovascular system. COVID-19 patients with cardiovascular disorder (CVD) develop a more severe disease course with a significantly higher...

.... This approach, identifying calpeptin, through large-scale screening studies as a candidate drug to treat COVID-19, however, has not considered the longer term likely benefits of calpain inhibition, post-COVID-19. This perspective will reflect on the capacity of calpeptin for treating long COVID by inhibiting...

...Erin B. Taylor Dysregulation of neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation has been shown to mediate disease pathology in multiple viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2. At the beginning of COVID-19 pandemic, Thierry and Roch wrote a perspective on the mechanisms by which severe SARS-CoV-2...

...John D. Imig The SARS-CoV-2 virus that results in COVID-19 has been found to damage multiple organs beyond the lung. Interestingly, the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein can be found circulating in the blood of COVID-19 patients. Experimental findings are demonstrating that the circulating S protein can...

... cellular stress. We tested this hypothesis in pericytes (PCs), which are reportedly reduced in the heart of patients with severe coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Here we newly show that the in vitro exposure of primary human cardiac PCs to the SARS-CoV-2 wildtype strain or the α and δ variants caused...

...Nayara Azinheira Nobrega Cruz; Danielle Stoll; Dulce Elena Casarini; Mariane Bertagnolli In times of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus (CoV)-2 infection on pregnancy is still unclear. The presence of angiotensin-converting enzyme...

..., and their safety was addressed in COVID-19 patients. Pedrosa et al. ( Clin. Sci. ( Lond. ) (2021), 135 , 465–481) showed in rats that captopril and candesartan up-regulated ACE2 expression and the protective RAS pathway in lung tissue. In culture of pneumocytes, the captopril/candesartan-induced ACE2 up-regulation...

...@ccmu.edu.cn ) * These authors contributed equally to this work. 16 11 2020 19 01 2021 21 01 2021 © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Portland Press Limited on behalf of the Biochemical Society 2021 ACE2 COVID-19 diabetes energy homeostasis renin-angiotensin system SARS...

...)-coronavirus (CoV) and SARS-Cov-2, which cause SARS and coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) respectively. ACE-2 is thus a double-edged sword: it promotes cardiovascular health while also facilitating the devastations caused by coronaviruses. COVID-19 is associated with cardiovascular disease as a risk factor...

... and a receptor for SARS-CoV-2 as well as the implications for Coronavirus disease 19 and its associated cardiovascular and renal complications. Table 1 Overview of current clinical trials evaluating various therapeutic agents on COVID-19 Clinical trial Identifier Title of the clinical trial Setting...

... – from cardiovascular regulation to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Figure 1 Structure of human ACE2 ACE2 is a membrane-bound dimer with each monomer being the fusion product of a carboxypeptidase and a collectrin-like domain and having a transmembrane domain (TM), a dimerization domain (DD...

... is hijacked by SARS-CoV-2 as a cellular receptor to gain entry to alveolar epithelial cells, causing COVID-19, a severe respiratory disease in humans. COVID-19 is frequently life-threatening especially in elderly or people with other medical conditions. As an unprecedented number of COVID-19 patients have...

... and the COVID-19 This figure illustrates how the classical ACE/Ang II/AT1R arm and the protective ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas arm act in the homeostasis, upon the SARS-CoV-2 infection, and due to the proposed treatment against SARS-CoV-2 infection. ACE2 and its important product Ang...

...U. Muscha Steckelings; Colin Sumners The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that is responsible for the global corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic enters host cells via a mechanism that includes binding to angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) 2 (ACE2). Membrane...

... (SARS)-coronavirus (CoV)-2 responsible for the 2020, coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Understanding the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 is crucial for the design of therapies to combat this disease. This review provides a comparative analysis of methodologies and findings...

... describe the emerging kidney manifestations of COVID-19, namely the frequent development of acute kidney injury. The possibility that binding of SARS-CoV-2 to kidney ACE2 plays a role in the kidney manifestations is also briefly discussed. Table 1 Changes in kidney ACE2 reported after administration...

... and serendipitously as a viral receptor, mediating the cellular entry of the coronaviruses causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and, very recently, COVID-19. Catalytically, ACE2 functions as a monocarboxypeptidase principally converting the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II to the vasodilatory peptide Ang-(1...

... Figure 2 Canonical ACE2 pathway links multiple organ damage in COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 infection down-regulates ACE2 expression and leads to the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as IL-6 [ 1 ]. Angiotensin-I (Ang-I) is converted into Ang-II by the ACE in the extracellular space...

... polypeptide. Additionally it is hypothesized that Mpro may be directly binding and inactivating serpins involved in blood coagulation cascade, which may vary the levels of serpin to induce hypercoagulation, as observed in many Covid-19 patients. Figure 1 Structural representation of serpin and Mpro...

...Daniella S. Battagello; Guilherme Dragunas; Marianne O. Klein; Ana L.P. Ayub; Fernando J. Velloso; Ricardo G. Correa The highly infective coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is caused by a novel strain of coronaviruses – the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) – discovered...

...Thiago Gomes Heck; Mirna Stela Ludwig; Matias Nunes Frizzo; Alberto Antonio Rasia-Filho; Paulo Ivo Homem de Bittencourt, Jr The major risk factors to fatal outcome in COVID-19 patients, i.e., elderliness and pre-existing metabolic and cardiovascular diseases (CVD), share in common...

...Jameel M. Inal The novel strain of coronavirus that appeared in 2019, SARS-CoV-2, is the causative agent of severe respiratory disease, COVID-19, and the ongoing pandemic. As for SARS-CoV that caused the SARS 2003 epidemic, the receptor on host cells that promotes uptake, through attachment...

... mechanisms and pathways of SARS-CoV-2 related to the pathogenesis of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19). After transmembrane angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been found to be SARS-CoV-2 receptor, we hypothesized an immune-hematological mechanism for Covid-19 based on renin–angiotensin system (RAS...

.... Considering the important role of the RAS in the pathophysiology of hypertension and cardiovascular and renal diseases [ 28 ], it has been suggested that ACE inhibitors and Ang II-receptor blockers (ARBs) may increase the risk of COVID-19 infection by up-regulating ACE2 [ 29 , 30 ]. On the other hand, it has...