...Sabab Hasan Khan; C. Denise Okafor The key players in transcriptional regulation are transcription factors (TFs), proteins that bind specific DNA sequences. Several mechanisms exist to turn TFs ‘on’ and ‘off’, including ligand binding which induces conformational changes within TFs, subsequently...

...David M. Wood; Renwick C.J. Dobson; Christopher R. Horne Transcription is the principal control point for bacterial gene expression, and it enables a global cellular response to an intracellular or environmental trigger. Transcriptional regulation is orchestrated by transcription factors, which...

...Camila Oses; Martin Stortz; Paula Verneri; Alejandra Guberman; Valeria Levi The transcription factors (TFs) OCT4, SOX2 and NANOG are key players of the gene regulatory network of pluripotent stem cells. Evidence accumulated in recent years shows that even small imbalances in the expression levels...

...Matteo Mazzocca; Tom Fillot; Alessia Loffreda; Daniela Gnani; Davide Mazza Transcription factors (TFs) regulate transcription of their target genes by identifying and binding to regulatory regions of the genome among billions of potential non-specific decoy sites, a task that is often presented...

... a large pool of transcription factors and signaling proteins available, the pool of existing switches lacks the substrate specificities and activities required for certain applications. Therefore, a large number of techniques have been applied to engineer switches with novel properties. Here we discuss...

... of transcription (STATs) are a family of transcription factors that are hyper-activated in most cancer types and while STATs are widely understood to be activated by the JAK family of kinases, many additional activators have been discovered. A growing number of examples of Rho-family driven STAT activation...

... from proliferation to differentiation, revealing multiple bidirectional interactions between the cell cycle machinery and factors driving differentiation. Here, we focus on a direct mechanistic link involving phosphorylation of differentiation-associated transcription factors by cell cycle-associated...

... by which homeostasis is maintained during health, in order to uncover strategies to boost homeostasis in disease. A case in point is redox homeostasis, maintained by antioxidant defences co-ordinately regulated by the transcription factor Nrf2, and capable of preventing not only oxidative stress but also...

... ]. The basic mechanisms of RNAPIII transcription have been studied in considerable detail. RNAPIII is a 17-subunit enzyme that functions together with 3 transcription factors: TFIIIA, TFIIIB and TFIIIC (reviewed in ref. [ 3 ]). TFIIIA is a single protein and is specific for transcription only of the 5S rRNA...

..., and expression can be increased by up to 100-fold by cytokines. There is a tissue-specific promoter for the liver, and alternative promoters for other tissues that express AAT. Basal AAT expression is regulated by the synergistic action of the tissue-specific transcription factors hepatocyte nuclear factors 1α...