... of these pathways in the process of sprouting angiogenesis and vascular patterning and malformation. Table 1 Reports on genetic LOF of TGFβ/BMP ligands, receptors or signalling components in vivo AVM, arteriovenous malformation; BBB, blood–brain barrier; E, embryonic day; GI, gastrointestinal; iEC KO...

... development and postnatal life. The interplay between the VEGF and Notch signalling pathway has been recently found to regulate the morphogenic events leading to the growth of new vessels by sprouting. Angiogenesis can also take place by an alternative process, i.e. intussusception or vascular splitting...

..., controlling arterial cell specification and tip versus stalk cell selection. During sprouting angiogenesis, tip cell formation is the default response to VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), whereas the stalk cell phenotype is acquired through Dll4/Notch-mediated lateral inhibition. Precisely how Notch...