... Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND) . ageing protein biosynthesis ribosome RNA translation translational control Cellular ageing refers to the progressive deterioration of cellular functions over time, often leading to cell cycle arrest (senescence) or cell death [ 1–3 ]. Ageing...

... research showing that the P-stalk complex, a ribosome-associated heteropentameric protein complex, is a potent activator of GCN2. Correspondence: Glenn R. Masson ( gmasson@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk ) One proposed mechanism for GCN2 activation is dependent on the associated rise of deacylated tRNA...

... factors in the 3′-untranslated region. Our review summarizes our current understanding of the molecular function of the conserved NMD factors UPF3B and UPF1, and of the anti-NMD factor Poly(A)-binding protein, and their interactions with ribosomes translating PTC-containing mRNAs. Our recent discovery...

...Andria Pelava; Claudia Schneider; Nicholas J. Watkins Ribosomes are abundant, large RNA–protein complexes that are the source of all protein synthesis in the cell. The production of ribosomes is an extremely energetically expensive cellular process that has long been linked to human health...

...Tina McLeod; Akilu Abdullahi; Min Li; Saverio Brogna The nucleolus is the most prominent morphological feature within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and is best known for its role in ribosome biogenesis. It forms around highly transcribed ribosomal RNA gene repeats which yield precursor rRNAs...

...Eleanna Kazana; Tobias von der Haar Translation involves interactions between mRNAs, ribosomes, tRNAs and a host of translation factors. Emerging evidence on the eukaryotic translational machinery indicates that these factors are organized in a highly optimized network, in which the levels...

...Fu Yan; Victoria A. Doronina; Pamila Sharma; Jeremy D. Brown Ribosomal progression through the open reading frames within mRNAs is frequently considered as uneventful when compared with the highly regulated initiation step. However, both RNA and nascent peptide can interact with the ribosome...

...Sandip De; Saverio Brogna RPs (ribosomal proteins) are main components of the ribosome having essential functions in its biogenesis, function and structural integrity. Although most of the RP molecules are in the cytoplasm, being incorporated into translating ribosomes, some RPs have non-ribosomal...

... ribosomal subunits to the RNA after termination in time for initiation factors to be recruited to the AUG of the downstream ORF. The present review summarizes how such interactions regulate reinitiation in an array of RNA viruses, and discusses what is known about reinitiation in viruses that do not rely...

... of remarkable enzymes has evolved, which includes translocases, polymerases/replicases, helicases, nucleases, topoisomerases, transposases, recombinases, repair enzymes and ribosomes. An understanding of how these enzymes function is essential if we are to have a clear view of the molecular biology of the cell...

... that the peptidyltransferase centre of the contemporary ribosome is a universal symmetrical pocket composed solely of rRNA. This pocket seems to be a relic of the proto-ribosome, an ancient ribozyme, which was a dimeric RNA assembly formed from self-folded RNA chains of identical, similar or different sequences. This could...

... microRNA in these cells. 1 email a.hamilton@clinmed.gla.ac.uk 4 11 2009 © The Authors Journal compilation © 2010 Biochemical Society 2010 erythrocyte microRNA (miRNA) ribosome Ro translation Y RNA Vast numbers (~2–3×10 13 ) of erythrocytes circulate...

... to illustrate their versatility. Emphasis is placed on structurally well-defined pseudoknots that play a role in internal ribosome entry, autoregulation of initiation, ribosomal frameshifting during elongation and trans -translation. The engine of protein synthesis, the ribosome, harbours several...

...V. Ramakrishnan The determination of the high-resolution structures of ribosomal subunits in the year 2000 and of the entire ribosome a few years later are revolutionizing our understanding of the role of the ribosome in translation. In the present article, I summarize the main contributions from...

...Michael L. Powell; T. David K. Brown; Ian Brierley Viruses have evolved a number of translational control mechanisms to regulate the levels of expression of viral proteins on polycistronic mRNAs, including programmed ribosomal frameshifting and stop codon readthrough. More recently, another unusual...

...Robert J.C. Gilbert; Ian Brierley; John E.G. McCarthy High-resolution structures have given an extremely detailed view of aspects of ribosomes, including some near-functional states. Here, we review the importance of cryo-electron microscopy, among other techniques, in giving an understanding...

... mitochondrial initiation factor ribosome translation translation factor Mitochondria play a vital role in a wide variety of cellular processes, including ATP production, signal transduction and apoptosis. Human mitochondria possess their own genome that is central to their multiple functions...

...M.V. Rodnina; M. Beringer; P. Bieling Peptide-bond formation is the enzymatic activity of the ribosome. The catalytic site is made up of ribosomal RNA, indicating that the ribosome is a ribozyme. This review summarizes the recent progress in understanding the mechanism of peptide bond formation...

...A. Bashan; A. Yonath A ribosome is a ribozyme polymerizing amino acids, exploiting positional- and substrate-mediated chemical catalysis. We showed that peptide-bond formation is facilitated by the ribosomal architectural frame, provided by a sizable symmetry-related region in and around...

...A.E. Johnson During protein biosynthesis, nascent protein chains are directed along a long narrow tunnel that spans the large ribosomal subunit. It has recently become clear that this structural feature has evolved to effect regulatory control over aspects of protein synthesis and protein...

... identified the proteins that function in chloroplast translation, including a complete set of chloroplast ribosomal proteins, and homologues of the 70 S initiation, elongation and termination factors. These analyses show that the translational apparatus of chloroplasts is related to that of bacteria, but has...

...M.R. Pool Co-translational protein targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum requires the signal-recognition particle, its cognate receptor and the translocation channel. Co-ordination of the targeting process necessitates the interaction of these components with each other and with the ribosome...