... of this review, many new publications introduced new concepts, opening new possibilities for treatment. In parallel, the number of clinical trials is steadily increasing. These developments are the subject of this review and are summarized in Figure 1 . In another study, rapamycin robustly increased by ∼34...

... of TOR (target of rapamycin) 1 and TOR2 in T. brucei . In a more recent study, we described a novel TOR kinase, named TOR4, which regulates differentiation from the proliferative infective form to the quiescent form. In contrast with TOR1 loss-of-function, down-regulation of TOR4 triggers an irreversible...

...Michael A. DeStefano; Estela Jacinto mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) responds to the presence of nutrients, energy and growth factors to link cellular metabolism, growth and proliferation. The rapamycin-sensitive mTORC (mTOR complex) 1 activates the translational regulator S6K (S6 kinase...

...Rebecca Gilley; Kathryn Balmanno; Claire L. Cope; Simon J. Cook The mTOR [mammalian (or mechanistic) target of rapamycin] protein kinase co-ordinates catabolic and anabolic processes in response to growth factors and nutrients and is a validated anticancer drug target. Rapamycin and related...

...Michael N. Hall In the present article, I discuss recent developments in the naming of the TOR (target of rapamycin) protein. In particular, I address the issue of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) versus the newer mechanistic target of rapamycin (MTOR). mTOR is the name given by the TOR...

... simultaneously with the glycolytic addiction of cancer cells. The PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase)/mTOR [mammalian (or mechanistic) target of rapamycin] signalling pathway is a central signalling hub co-ordinating the growth in response to growth factor signalling and nutrient availability. Not surprisingly...

...Valentina Iadevaia; Yilin Huo; Ze Zhang; Leonard J. Foster; Christopher G. Proud mTORC1 (mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1) is controlled by diverse signals (e.g. hormones, growth factors, nutrients and cellular energy status) and regulates a range of processes including anabolic metabolism...

...Robbie Loewith The TOR (target of rapamycin) serine/threonine kinases are fascinating in that they influence many different aspects of eukaryote physiology including processes often dysregulated in disease. Beginning with the initial characterization of rapamycin as an antifungal agent, studies...

...Thomas Dobrenel; Chloé Marchive; Rodnay Sormani; Manon Moreau; Milena Mozzo; Marie-Hélène Montané; Benoît Menand; Christophe Robaglia; Christian Meyer The TOR (target of rapamycin) kinase is present in nearly all eukaryotic organisms and regulates a wealth of biological processes collectively...

...Christopher G. Proud The TOR (target of rapamycin) proteins are found in all eukaryotes. TOR has a protein kinase domain, as well as other domains through which it interacts with partner proteins to form at least two types of multiprotein complex, TORC1 and TORC2 (TOR complexes 1 and 2). Rapamycin...

...Gwyn T. Williams; Mirna Mourtada-Maarabouni; Farzin Farzaneh Non-coding RNA GAS5 (growth arrest-specific transcript 5) is a 5′-TOP (5′-terminal oligopyrimidine tract) RNA, whose translation, and consequently also stability, is controlled by the mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway. GAS5...

...Yilin Huo; Valentina Iadevaia; Christopher G. Proud mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) forms two distinct types of complex, mTORC (mTOR complex) 1 and 2. Rapamycin inhibits some of the functions of mTORC1, whereas newly developed mTOR kinase inhibitors interfere with the actions of both types...

... support growth factor-independent nutrient transporter expression through a mechanism that depends upon mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin). The ability of activated Akt to support nutrient transporter expression is an essential component of its prosurvival function. When the destruction of nutrient...