... replacement of acyl esters produced lipase and acyltransferase-resistant analogues. Replacement of the bridging oxygen in the monophosphate by an α-monofluoromethylene-, α-bromomethylene- or α,α-difluoromethylenephosphonate gave phosphatase-resistant analogues. Phosphorothioate analogues with O -acyl and O...

..., immunostimulation, oligonucleotide, phosphorothioate, TLR9. Abbreviations used: AP-1, activator protein-1; CpG, 2 -deoxyribo(cytidine-phosphate- guanosine); ds, double-stranded; IFN- , interferon- ; IL, interleukin; IL-1R, IL-1 receptor; NF- B, nuclear factor- B; PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular pattern; PBMCs...