... neuronal infection does not appear to determine whether a viral strain causes neurological complications. The cellular mechanisms underlying the neurological consequences of viral infection are not fully understood, but they involve neuroimmune interactions that have so far focused mainly on microglia...

...Lorenzo Ceccarelli; Laura Marchetti; Chiara Giacomelli; Claudia Martini Microglia are the major component of the innate immune system in the central nervous system. They promote the maintenance of brain homeostasis as well as support inflammatory processes that are often related to pathological...

.... However, despite the significant amount of research done in the past decade, the contribution of LRRK2 mutations to PD pathogenesis remains unknown. Growing evidence highlights that LRRK2 controls multiple processes in brain immune cells, microglia and astrocytes, and suggests that deregulated LRRK2...

... microglia neurodegeneration reactive astrocytes The function of the extracellular matrix (ECM) goes beyond providing structure and defining the architecture of the central nervous system (CNS). Rather, the complex ECM meshwork, which comprises several molecules such as glycoproteins...

... function of LRRK2 protein remains largely elusive, increasing evidence suggests that it plays a role in innate immunity, a process that also has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, including PD. Innate immunity involves macrophages and microglia, in which endogenous LRRK2 expression is precisely...

... kinase A (PKA)-mediated signaling is a key regulator of brain function. PKA-dependent pathways play an important role in brain homeostasis, neuronal development, synaptic plasticity, control of microglia activation and inflammation. On the other hand, a decline of PKA signaling was shown to contribute...

... not appear to be related to changes in APP processing (C-terminal fragment analysis), which led us to assess other mechanism by which ABCA7 may modulate Aβ homoeostasis. As we have shown that microglia express high levels of ABCA7, we examined a role for ABCA7 in the phagocytic clearance of Aβ. Our data...

...Federico E. Turkheimer; Gaia Rizzo; Peter S. Bloomfield; Oliver Howes; Paolo Zanotti-Fregonara; Alessandra Bertoldo; Mattia Veronese The 18-kDA translocator protein (TSPO) is consistently elevated in activated microglia of the central nervous system (CNS) in response to a variety of insults as well...

... by the existence of highly significant correlations between mitochondrial/cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA levels and cell viability/transmitter functions respectively. © The Authors Journal compilation © 2014 Biochemical Society 2014 acetyl-astragalin cholinergic neurons CoA microglia neurotoxicity...

... microglia microglial priming systemic inflammation It has been known for many years that inflammation has a role in the progression of AD (Alzheimer's disease). Patients taking NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) for the amelioration of rheumatoid arthritis are significantly protected...

... activation in vitro and in vivo . It does so by binding to Toll-like receptor-2 on microglia and astrocytes, rapidly activating ERK1/2 (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2) and p38 MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases), causing NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) activation and leading to the production...

...M.L. Block; J.-S. Hong PD (Parkinson's disease) is characterized by the selective and progressive loss of DA neurons (dopaminergic neurons) in the substantia nigra. Inflammation and activation of microglia, the resident innate immune cell in the brain, have been strongly linked to neurodegenerative...

... of the extracellular matrix and the establishment of chemoattractant gradients for microglia, or facilitates neurite outgrowth through the processing of extracellular matrix proteoglycans. The second pathway for tPA does not involve its proteolytic activity: rather tPA functions as an agonist to stimulate a cell...