... in the nucleus use. In the second concept, Hh is actively conveyed to target cells via long filopodial extensions, called cytonemes. Both concepts require the expression of a family of sugar-modified proteins in the gradient field called heparan sulphate proteoglycans as a prerequisite for Hh dispersal, yet...

...S. Kurup; A. Abramsson; J.P. Li; U. Lindahl; L. Kjellen; C. Betsholtz; H. Gerhardt; D. Spillmann HS (heparan sulphate) plays a key role in angiogenesis, by interacting with growth factors required in the process. It has been proposed that HS controls the diffusion, and thus the availability...

... are structurally related and bind to a common receptor. IFNγ, the sole type II IFN, is structurally unrelated, binds to a different receptor and, as a dimer, strongly interacts with HS (heparan sulphate). In addition to its antiviral activity, it modulates nearly all phases of immune and inflammatory responses...

...S.E. Stringer The presence of HS (heparan sulphate) proteoglycans on the cell surface and in the extracellular environment is critical to many physiological processes including the growth of new blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature (angiogenesis). A plethora of growth factors...

...J.T. Gallagher Heparan sulphate (HS) is an abundant component of cell surfaces and the extracellular matrix. It binds to a wide variety of peptide growth factors, morphogens, chemokines and extracellular matrix proteins (e.g. fibronectin) and many of these interactions are essential...

... and appears to contribute to the growth, invasiveness and metastasis of both carcinomas and sarcomas. HGF/SF, like many other angiogenic growth factors, employs heparan sulphate as co-receptor. The role of this interaction has not been completely defined but appears to be physiologically relevant. Thus...

..., and therefore have important roles in morphogenesis, organogenesis, tissue maintenance and wound healing. Thus far, around one-quarter of these cytokines have been shown to bind to heparin and heparan sulphate. Well-established examples are the TGF-β isoforms 1 and 2, and the BMPs (bone morphogenetic proteins...

...N.J. Harmer Signalling from the FGFs (fibroblast growth factors) is crucial for the correct development and homoeostasis of a wide range of cells and tissues. The FGF/FGFR (FGF receptor) signalling system forms an important paradigm for HS (heparan sulphate)-binding proteins, as both the growth...

... that they have additional important functions, for instance in the vasculature and immune system. Genetic studies have identified two types of cellular receptors for Slits: Robos (Roundabout) and the HS (heparan sulphate) proteoglycan syndecan. The intracellular signalling cascade downstream of Robo activation...

..., at Laboratory for Molecular Structure, NIBSC (email bmulloy@nibsc.ac.uk ). 19 12 2005 © 2006 The Biochemical Society 2006 docking heparan sulphate heparin protein structure protein surface simulated annealing The complex glycosaminoglycan HS (heparan sulphate) [ 1 ] is found...

... 25 -IL-8 [ 25 ]. There are several classes of GAGs, the most ubiquitous being HS (heparan sulphate), a polysaccharide that is expressed on virtually every cell in the body and comprises 50–90% of total endothelial proteoglycans. Other classes of GAGs include heparin, which is produced almost...

... effects depend on the resulting sequences. Some proteins, for example antithrombin, have highly specific sequence requirements for their GAG ligand [in this case heparin or HS (heparan sulphate)]; others, for example the fibroblast growth factors, are less demanding. GAGs, in particular HS, play a role...

...L. Kjellén During the biosynthesis of heparan sulphate (HS) in the Golgi compartment, the first modification enzyme, glucosaminyl N-deacetylase/N-sulphotransferase (NDST), starts to work on the growing HS polysaccharide chain. This enzyme defines the overall design of the sulphation pattern, which...

...J. Turnbull; K. Drummond; Z. Huang; T. Kinnunen; M. Ford-Perriss; M. Murphy; S. Guimond Heparan sulphate (HS) acts as a multifunctional cell regulator, with specific sulphated saccharide sequences designed for selective interactions with many proteins. Functionally, these interactions result...

...K. Catlow; J.A. Deakin; M. Delehedde; D.G. Fernig; J.T. Gallagher; M.S.G. Pavão; M. Lyon Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/scatter factor (SF) is a unique growth factor, in that it binds both heparan sulphate (HS) and dermatan sulphate (DS). The sequences in HS and DS that specifically interact...