...Matthew Ratcliff; Richard Xu Zhou; Lutz Jermutus; Marko Hyvönen Many growth factors and cytokines are produced as larger precursors, containing pro-domains, that require proteolytic processing to release the bioactive ligand. These pro-domains can be significantly larger than the mature domains...

...-coding RNAs supports tumour progression is poorly understood. Here, we review new lines of evidence linking long and short types of non-coding RNAs to signalling pathways activated in the course of cancer progression by growth factors and by the tumour micro-environment. Resolving the new dimension...

..., but not ALK6] and type II BMP receptors, activating SMAD 1/5/8 signaling and controlling the cell cycle pathway. Furthermore, the compound is capable of blocking transforming growth factor-β induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in primary tumor cells, a critical step for tumor progression...

...Alejo Efeyan; David M. Sabatini Growth factors and nutrients regulate the mTORC1 [mammalian (or mechanistic) target of rapamycin complex 1] by different mechanisms. The players that link growth factors and mTORC1 activation have been known for several years and mouse models have validated its...

... cancer growth factor microRNA (miRNA) network tyrosine kinase The advancement of high-throughput genomic screens, along with the development of software able to predict targets of miRNAs, will eventually yield high granularity maps combining signal transduction pathways, transcriptional...

...Thomas Gustafsson Exercise-induced angiogenesis in skeletal muscle involves both non-sprouting and sprouting angiogenesis and results from the integrated responses of multiple systems and stimuli. VEGF-A (vascular endothelial growth factor A) levels are increased in exercised muscle and have been...

...Andrew J. Moss; Shikha Sharma; Nicholas P.J. Brindle Growth factors provide key instructive cues for tissue formation and repair. However, many natural growth factors are limited in their usefulness for tissue engineering and regenerative applications by their poor retention at desired sites...

... stromal cells) play a major role in supporting prostate cancer growth and survival in bone. Here, we examine factors shown to be secreted by BMSCs, such as IGFs (insulin-like growth factors) and IL-6 (interleukin 6), shown to promote prostate cancer cell proliferation and to potentially replace...

... © 2007 The Biochemical Society 2007 growth factor phospholipase C (PLC) pleckstrin homology domain (PH domain) phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) Src homology 2 domain (SH2 domain) tyrosine phosphorylation PtdIns(4,5) P 2 is a minor phospholipid component of cell membrane (∼0.5...

...M.A. Guthridge; A.F. Lopez Cytokines and growth factors exert multiple biological activities through their ability to engage and activate specific receptors displayed on the surface of cells. How these receptors are able to differentially (and sometimes independently) regulate cell survival...

... and movement. Five distinct groups of MAPKs have been characterized in mammals, the most extensively studied of which is the Ras/Raf/MEK [MAPK/ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) kinase]/ERK cascade. Numerous stimuli, including growth factors and phorbol esters, activate MEK/ERK signalling. How...

... of ribosome assembly. 1 To whom correspondence should be addressed (email Tom.Moss@crhdq.ulaval.ca ). 21 6 2006 © 2006 The Biochemical Society 2006 growth factor mammalian cell ribosomal RNA gene RNA polymerase I rRNA transcription elongation When so much emphasis...

...S. Kurup; A. Abramsson; J.P. Li; U. Lindahl; L. Kjellen; C. Betsholtz; H. Gerhardt; D. Spillmann HS (heparan sulphate) plays a key role in angiogenesis, by interacting with growth factors required in the process. It has been proposed that HS controls the diffusion, and thus the availability...

...L. Veracini; M. Franco; A. Boureux; V. Simon; S. Roche; C. Benistant The cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases of the Src family (SFK) play important roles in cell responses induced by growth factors, including cell growth, survival and migration. Here, we review how SFK participate in PDGF (platelet...

...K.M. Ferguson The members of the EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) family of RTKs (receptor tyrosine kinases), also known as the ErbB or HER family, have been implicated in many human cancers. Structural studies of the EGFR extracellular region (sEGFR) have led to the proposal of a novel...

... of the Biochemical Society held at the University of Essex, Colchester, 2–4 July 2003 9 July 2003 © 2003 Biochemical Society 2003 apoptosis growth factor Mn superoxide dismutase Ras reactive oxygen species (ROS) senescence Abbreviations used: AP-1, activator protein-1; DPI...

...C.C. Rider Glial cell line-derived growth factor (GDNF) is a cytokine of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β family with potent neuroprotective activity. Clinical trials of recombinant GDNF in advanced Parkinson's disease are currently under way. It is known that mice homozygous for disruption...