...). Published by Portland Press Limited on behalf of the Biochemical Society 2023 acid-base balance chronic kidney disease gluconeogenesis inflammation lipid metabolism renal physiology Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is clinically defined as reduced kidney function or a structural abnormality...

... for the biosynthesis of fatty acids, (ii) degradation of proline and glutamate to succinate, (iii) generation of malate, which can then be used for gluconeogenesis. Therefore the citric acid cycle in trypanosomes does not function as a cycle. The factors that trigger the differentiation of trypanosomes from...

...-related protein gluconeogenesis hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α lipogenesis sterol-regulatory-element-binding protein-1c Abbreviations used: ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase; AICAR, 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide riboside; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; b-HLH-LZ, basic domain–helix–loop–helix...

... and gluconeogenesis. Lactate exchange between astrocytes and neurons that is linked to glutamatergic signalling in the brain is an example of a lactate shuttle supporting cell-cell signalling. Lactate uptake by mitochondria and pyruvate-lactate exchange in peroxisomes are examples of intracellular lactate shuttles...

... independent studies have reported on the expression of individual genes encoding enzymes from the three major pathways: β-oxidation, the glyoxylate cycle and gluconeogenesis. However, a single comprehensive study of representative genes and enzymes from the different pathways in a single plant species has...