... compensates for ESRP1 in a dose-dependent manner and protects against the occurrence of major developmental disorders. ( B ) A naturally occurring mutation in ESRP1 results in hearing loss due to reduced differentiation of the hair cells and cochlear malformation [ 74 ]. ( C ) The development of branching...

...Fabian Gude; Jurij Froese; Georg Steffes; Kay Grobe Patterns of gene expression, cell growth and cell-type specification during development are often regulated by morphogens. Morphogens are signalling molecules produced by groups of source cells located tens to hundreds of micrometers distant from...

... Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY) . Open access for this article was enabled by the participation of University College London in an all-inclusive Read & Publish agreement with Portland Press and the Biochemical Society under a transformative agreement with JISC. development mechanics...

... -GlcNAcylation, has been associated with many pre- or post-natal brain developmental delays [ 32 , 33 ]. Because it is highly nutrient responsive as well as involved in major cell signaling, O- GlcNAcylation emerges as a target of choice to explain how nutrition can impact early brain development...

... the expression and/or roles of SUMOs, E1, E2, ligases or proteases and then, we provide examples of SUMO target proteins and the effect of SUMOylation in their function during development. Table 2 SUMOylation components in developmental processes Organ/Process SUMO/Ubc9 E3 Ligase De...

... understanding of how the PI3K pathway impinges on critical developmental processes — either in forward (normal development) or reverse (cancer) mode — will be important for continued therapeutic development for PI3K-associated cancers. Collaterally, such research may also improve our understanding of key...

... This is an open access article published by Portland Press Limited on behalf of the Biochemical Society and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licence 4.0 (CC BY) . development morphogenesis self-organization synthetic biology synthetic morphology tissue engineering Synthetic...

... development; forebrain and hypothalamus late in development [ 53 ] Unknown in brain Developmental overgrowth including brain, characteristic of Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome, perinatal death (some viable) [ 57 ] Glypican 4 HS Highest in development, also in adult [ 2 ] Throughout CNS, strong...

... the development and maturation of oocytes within follicles that progress through a series of developmental stages and contain somatic cells that respond to and support the growing oocyte. Epab −/− mice have normal oestrus and normal follicle numbers at all stages, with the exception of secondary follicles...

... reporting net down-regulation of NMD factors (including Upf1 and Smg1) in developing nervous system [ 29 , 30 ], this indicates that NMD might be progressively repurposed to function primarily as a gene regulation rather than an RNA surveillance mechanism in this developmental context. A previously...

... with mutations in key genes involved in mouse embryogenesis has provided clues as to the nature of some of the signalling pathways involved in development. However conducting this detailed analysis in vivo is often challenging and limited, especially if the mutation results in early lethality. The in vitro...

... of the sites of replication initiation, or origins, across the genome. Interestingly, origin usage changes during development and in different pathologies, suggesting an integral interplay between the establishment of replication initiation along the chromosomes and cellular function. The present review...

... in embryogenesis and development. Many autophagy gene-knockout mice have embryonic lethality at different stages of development. Furthermore, interactions of autophagy with crucial developmental pathways such as Wnt, Shh (Sonic Hedgehog), TGFβ (transforming growth factor β) and FGF (fibroblast growth factor) have...

... in development, and revealed it as an important developmental splicing regulator. Gradients in Tra2β protein concentrations may drive exon inclusion patterns over development, leading to the regulated production of developmentally important protein isoforms. Alternatively, Tra2β might provide a level...

... expression in relation to development is to study a well-characterized model organism, such as Drosophila melanogaster . The present review aims to outline the mechanisms of mRNA degradation and then focus on the role of miRNAs (microRNAs) as factors affecting particular Drosophila developmental processes...

.... Furthermore, the transience of certain developmental phenotypes and the persistence of others into maturity raise the possibility that FMRP has different roles at distinct times in development. It is apparent that the loss of FMRP has widespread effects on brain development, ranging from changes...

... 65 4 Palmer C. Roberts R.L. Bero C. Deferoxamine posttreatment reduces ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats Stroke 1994 25 1039 1045 5 Thompson R.A. Nelson C.A. Developmental science and the media: early brain development Am. Psychol. 2001 56 5 15...

.... If SUMOylation is involved in this variety of cellular processes, it is not surprising that it has been involved in various developmental contexts, exemplified in the next section. In Drosophila , the components of the pathway are expressed throughout development [ 2 – 4 ]. A number of processes seem...

...Jörg Hartkamp; Stefan G.E. Roberts The Wilms' tumour-suppressor gene ( WT1 ), encodes a zinc-finger transcription factor that is critical for the development of several organs, including the kidneys, gonads and spleen. Despite its identification as a tumour suppressor that plays a crucial role...

...H. Wang; Y. Lee; C.C. Malbon Wnt signalling in development operates via members of the Frizzleds, G-protein-coupled receptors that bind specific Wnt ligands and mediate signalling via distinct pathways. The Wnt/Ca 2+ /cGMP pathway mediated by Frizzled-2 was discovered recently. Activation...

...F. Villarroya; S. Brun; M. Giralt; Y. Cámara; G. Solanes; R. Iglesias Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are considered to be major determinants of energy expenditure in mammals. During development in rodents, the expression of the UCP genes occurs sequentially. UCP2 mRNA is expressed long before birth...