.... As the major immune cells in the brain, reactive microglia play a central role in neuroinflammation by responding directly or indirectly to viruses. Chronic reactivity of microglia leads to functions that are distinct from their beneficial roles under physiological conditions and may result in neuronal damage...

...Dawn M. Wenzel; Stephanie Olivier-Van Stichelen Proper neuronal development is essential to growth and adult brain function. Alterations at any step of this highly organized sequence of events, due to genetic mutations or environmental factors, triggers brain malformations, which are leading causes...

... in steroid biosynthesis. 1 Correspondence may be addressed to either author (email andrew.midzak@mail.mcgill.ca or vassilios.papadopoulos@mcgill.ca ) . 16 3 2015 © 2015 Authors; published by Portland Press Limited 2015 14-3-3 proteins adrenal aging brain cholesterol gonads...

...Paola Venco; Sabrina Dusi; Lorella Valletta; Valeria Tiranti NBIA (neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation) comprises a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative diseases having as a common denominator, iron overload in specific brain areas, mainly basal ganglia and globus pallidus...

... and brain subjected to reperfusion after a period of ischaemia as may occur during treatment of a myocardial infarction or stroke and during heart surgery. In the present article, I review the properties, regulation and molecular composition of the MPTP. The evidence for the roles of CyP-D (cyclophilin D...

...David G. Nicholls Synaptosomes (isolated nerve terminals) have been studied for more than 40 years. The preparation allows aspects of transmitter metabolism and release to be studied ex vivo from specific brain regions of animals of any age. Conditions can be devised to enable the terminals to fire...

...Ian C. Wood; Nicola K. Gray; Lesley Jones The brain is the most complex organ of the body and it contains the greatest diversity of cell types. Collectively, the cells within the brain express the greatest number of genes encoded within our genome. Inappropriate gene expression within these cells...

... be addressed (email j.hardy@ion.ucl.ac.uk ). 19 8 2009 © The Authors Journal compilation © 2009 Biochemical Society 2009 brain gene expression genome-wide association study (GWAS) Mendelian disease protein sequence Over the last 20 years, it has become increasingly easy...

... substrate for hippocampus-dependent learning and memory is thought to be the strengthening of synaptic connectivity, and brain slices have been used to study plasticity in hippocampal networks. LTP (long-term potentiation) of excitatory synaptic transmission in CA1 pyramidal neurons following stimulation...

... recent interest are genomic changes in transcripts coding for signal transduction, dendritic structure and energy metabolism induced by early iron deficiency that last well into adulthood in spite of iron treatment. Early iron sufficiency is critical for long-term neurological health. brain...

... Biochemical Society 2007 brain cerebral ischaemia inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inflammation nitric oxide progesterone Through a reaction with molecular oxygen, NO can form an intermediate species [N 2 O 3 (nitrogen trioxide)] that efficiently nitrosates thiols and amines...

... by protein fragments produced post-mortem during conventional sample handling. Nanoflow liquid chromatography and MS, together with improved methods for sample preparation, have been used to semi-quantitatively monitor endogenous peptides in brain tissue. When rapidly heat-denatured brain tissue was analysed...

... by stress-activated MAPKs are the JIPs [JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase)-interacting proteins]. JIP proteins have been demonstrated to form complexes with specific JNK and p38 MAPK signalling modules and to play important roles in brain development, neuronal trafficking, apoptosis, β-cell function and insulin...

... the brain and nervous system. Preconditioning has been investigated in cell and animal models and recently been shown to potentially occur in human brain. Learning more about these powerful endogenous neuroprotective mechanisms could help identify new approaches to treat patients with stroke and other...

... cell death of the heart and brain that occurs during reperfusion after a long period of ischaemia. Such reperfusion injury is a major problem during cardiac surgery and in the treatment of coronary thrombosis and stroke. Prevention of MPTP opening either directly, using agents such as cyclosporin...

... The Biochemical Society 2004 brain D 1 receptor dopamine glutamate N -methyl- D -aspartate receptor (NMDA receptor) The overlap and convergence of both dopaminergic and glutamatergic projections in the mammalian brain provides the architectural framework for complex neuronal interactions...