... they allow detailed and replicated analysis of evolution in response to controlled environmental and genetic conditions. Key findings include a tendency for smoothly declining rates of adaptation during selection in constant environments, at least in part a reflection of antagonism between accumulating...

... to elucidate pathogenesis mechanisms of Bp , little is known about how a harmless soil bacterium adapts to different environmental conditions, in particular, the shift to a human host to become a highly virulent pathogen. The bacterium has a large genome encoding an armory of factors that assist the pathogen...

...–Cas immune system, which provides sequence-specific adaptive immunity against foreign genetic elements in bacteria and archaea. Immunity is acquired by the integration of short stretches of invasive DNA as novel ‘spacers’ into CRISPR loci. Subsequently, these immune markers are transcribed...

... in the translation pathway. 1 To whom correspondence should be addressed (email mark.p.ashe@manchester.ac.uk ). 9 3 2012 © The Authors Journal compilation © 2012 Biochemical Society 2012 adaptation processing body (P-body) Saccharomyces cerevisiae stress translation initiation...

... cells in mitosis to provide the time for error correction. When the SAC is satisfied, it is silenced. However, after a variable amount of time, cells escape from the mitotic arrest, even if the SAC is not satisfied, through a process called adaptation or mitotic slippage. Adaptation weakens the killing...