... (PI3K) salt-inducible kinase (SIK) Toll-like receptor (TLR) The innate immune system is our first line of defence against invading pathogens. Cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells express PRRs (pathogen-recognition receptors) that detect integral components of bacteria, viruses, fungi...

... 2 (LRRK2) Parkinson's disease receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK) Toll-like receptor (TLR) Advances in genomic sequencing have led to the discovery of a number of genes in which mutations can predispose to familial PD (Parkinson's disease) in either a recessive [ PARK2 (parkin...

... c.m.spickett@aston.ac.uk ). 24 5 2011 © The Authors Journal compilation © 2011 Biochemical Society 2011 chlorinated phospholipid inflammation mass spectrometry oxidized phospholipid (oxPL) precursor ion scanning Toll-like receptor (TLR) The interest in lipids as mediators...

... Pseudomonas aeruginosa Toll-like receptor (TLR) It is apparent that mutations in the CFTR cause little or no Cl − channel transport, but how does this affect the lungs of CF patients and bring about the characteristic pro-inflammatory lung disease? Normally the airway surface is covered...

... receptor mammalian protein–protein interaction trap (MAPPIT) signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signal transduction suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) Toll-like receptor (TLR) Cytokines are small messenger molecules that are involved in cell–cell communication...

... in response to endogenous agonist(s) and why endothelial cell TLR2 does not intensify disease progression in response to exogenous agonists. agonist atherosclerosis cholesterol endothelial cell macrophage Toll-like receptor (TLR) Atherosclerosis was once thought to be a simple lipid storage...

... 17722 1 To whom correspondence should be addressed (email schrodem@tcd.ie ). 22 8 2007 © The Authors Journal compilation © 2007 Biochemical Society 2007 antiviral signalling pattern-recognition receptor retinoic-acid-inducible protein I (RIG-I) Toll-like receptor...

... Dynamics myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) Toll-like receptor (TLR) In mammals, the sensing of different microbial pathogens is mediated by the TLR (Toll-like receptor) family. Different TLRs detect microbes on the basis of conserved pathogen-associated molecules. For example, bacterial...

... papillomavirus (HPV) interferon (IFN) Toll-like receptor (TLR) The papillomaviruses are small double-stranded DNA viruses which infect squamous epithelia (or cells with the potential for squamous maturation), inducing proliferative lesions, of which the humble skin wart is a typical example...

... of Nalp2, Nalp1 (CARD7), ASC, caspase 5 and Caspase 1. C-type lectin receptor (CTLR) leucine-rich repeat (LRR) NOD-like receptor (NLR) RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain (TIR) Toll-like receptor (TLR) The recent and ongoing identification of germline-encoded...

... chicken Toll-like receptor comparative immunology Toll-like receptor (TLR) transmission of infection zoonosis The agonist activity of double-stranded RNA [poly(I:C)] for chTLR3 has recently been demonstrated by transfection into HEK-293 cells [ 15 ]. Similarly, we have demonstrated activation...

... R.T. Ghosh S. Baltimore D. Nature 1995 376 167 170 cancer colitis Crohn's disease inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) intestine Toll-like receptor (TLR) Commensal bacteria have a significant role in the maintenance of IEC (intestinal epithelial cell) homoeostasis...

... (email j.a.mitchell@imperial.ac.uk ). 29 8 2007 © The Authors Journal compilation © 2007 Biochemical Society 2007 blood vessel cardiac myocyte endothelium nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD) pattern-recognition receptor Toll-like receptor (TLR) In mammals...

...) dendritic cell high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) ischaemia/reperfusion injury nitric oxide synthase Toll-like receptor (TLR) Depending on the enzymatic source {eNOS [endothelial NOS (NO synthase)] compared with iNOS (inducible NOS)} and the type of I/R (cold compared with warm), NO can play...

... ischaemic injury lipopolysaccharide (LPS) neuroprotection tolerance Toll-like receptor (TLR) tumour necrosis factor (TNF) Ischaemic tolerance in the brain (in which brief ischaemia increases resistance to subsequent injurious ischaemia) is a powerful adaptive defence that involves an endogenous...

..., a Biochemical Society Focused Meeting held at Novartis, Horsham, 3 February 2003 7 March 2003 © 2003 Biochemical Society 2003 Drosophila Toll-like receptor (TLR) dToll Abbreviations used: dToll, Drosophila Toll; LRR, leucine-rich repeat; IL(−1R), interleukin(−1 receptor...

...S. Akira; M. Yamamoto; K. Takeda Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a critical role in the detection of invading pathogens within the body and the subsequent immune response. Individual TLRs recognize distinct microbial components. The TLRs are a type 1 transmembrane receptor that possess...