... and signalling. Other important Norbin interactors are the Rac guanine-nucleotide exchange factor P-Rex1 and protein kinase A. Downstream signalling pathways regulated by Norbin include ERK, Ca 2+ and the small GTPase Rac. Here, we review the current understanding of Norbin structure, expression and its roles...

... the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Here we compare and contrast the subcellular localisation and function of Tiam1 and Tiam2/STEF, and review the evidence for their dysregulation in disease. cancer guanine nucleotide exchange factor molecular basis of health and disease Rac Tiam1/STEF T...

..., with abolished GEF activity, can no longer amplify cytokine induced STAT3 activation, nuclear import or STAT3 driven transcription [ 21 ]. A known regulator of Rac1–STAT signalling is the male germ cell Rac GTPase activating protein (MgcRacGAP) that has GAP activity towards Rac1 and Cdc42 [ 23 ]. MgcRacGAP...

..., deregulated degradation, and/or anomalous intracellular localization. More recently, cancer-associated gain-of-function mutations in Rac1 have been identified which contribute to tumor phenotypes and confer resistance to targeted therapies. Deregulated expression/activity of Rac guanine nucleotide exchange...

... on behalf of the Biochemical Society 2018 CDC42 GTPase RAC RHO RHO GAP RHO GEF The 18 RHO GTPases present in humans can be classified according to both structural and homology criteria in the CDC42 (CDC42, RHOQ, and RHOJ), RAC (RAC1, RAC2, RAC3, and RHOG), RHOA (RHOA, RHOB, and RHOC...

..., and the dysregulation of Rho GTPases is associated with numerous human diseases and disorders. actin cytoskeleton Cdc42 GTPase Rac Rho Rho GTPases constitute one of the five distinct families of the Ras superfamily [ 1 ]. Rho itself was discovered serendipitously in 1985 as a Ras-related protein ( R...

... to induce neurites during neuronal development, as has been seen in the induction of membrane ruffles. Cdc42 fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) GTPase-activating protein (GAP) imaging Rac Rho Rho-family GTPases function as critical molecular switches in transducing extracellular...