Glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids and cholesterol assemble into lipid bilayers that form the scaffold of cellular membranes, in which proteins are embedded. Membrane composition and membrane protein profiles differ between plasma and intracellular membranes and between the two leaflets of a membrane. Lipid distributions between two leaflets are mediated by lipid translocases, including flippases and scramblases. Flippases use ATP to catalyze the inward movement of specific lipids between leaflets. In contrast, bidirectional flip-flop movements of lipids across the membrane are mediated by scramblases in an ATP-independent manner. Scramblases have been implicated in disrupting the lipid asymmetry of the plasma membrane, protein glycosylation, autophagosome biogenesis, lipoprotein secretion, lipid droplet formation and communications between organelles. Although scramblases in plasma membranes were identified over 10 years ago, most progress about scramblases localized in intracellular membranes has been made in the last few years. Herein, we review the role of scramblases in regulating lipid distributions in cellular membranes, focusing primarily on intracellular membrane-localized scramblases.
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October 2023
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In this issue by Vogt and colleagues (pp. 1789–1800) review how recently determined structures shed light on how NHEJ complexes function at DNA DSBs, emphasizing how multiple structures containing the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) may function in NHEJ. The cover image shows the overall structure of DNA-PKcs. Image courtesy of Susan Lees-Miller.
Review Article|
September 28 2023
The role of lipid scramblases in regulating lipid distributions at cellular membranes
Yicheng Wang;
Yicheng Wang
1State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
2Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Taroh Kinoshita
3Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
4WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
5Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
Correspondence: Taroh Kinoshita (tkinoshi@biken.osaka-u.ac.jp)
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Publisher: Portland Press Ltd
Received:
July 06 2023
Revision Received:
September 12 2023
Accepted:
September 19 2023
Online ISSN: 1470-8752
Print ISSN: 0300-5127
© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Portland Press Limited on behalf of the Biochemical Society
2023
Biochem Soc Trans (2023) 51 (5): 1857–1869.
Article history
Received:
July 06 2023
Revision Received:
September 12 2023
Accepted:
September 19 2023
Citation
Yicheng Wang, Taroh Kinoshita; The role of lipid scramblases in regulating lipid distributions at cellular membranes. Biochem Soc Trans 31 October 2023; 51 (5): 1857–1869. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/BST20221455
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