Research communication copper-1,10-phenanthroline induces internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in HepG2 cells, resulting from direct oxidation by the hydroxyl radical

In view of the current speculation regarding the possible role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in apoptosis, both under physiological conditions and in response to chemicals that promote their intracellular formation, the present investigation was undertaken to examine whether DNA fragmentation during oxidative stress results from endonuclease activity (apoptosis) or from direct attack by ROS. We report that the incubation of HepG2 cells (a human-derived hepatoma cell line) with the copper(II) complex of 1,10-phenanthroline, Cu^II(OP)₂, results in internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, which is widely recognized as being a hallmark of apoptosis. DNA fragmentation did not occur at low temperature, but activity was restored by the addition of ascorbic acid. It is proposed that DNA fragmentation results from the direct attack of hydroxyl radicals upon DNA. Hydroxyl radicals are produced from oxygen by the redox-cycling of Cu^II(OP)₂, which is supported by metabolic processes at normal temperature. At low temperature ascorbic acid provides an artificial cellular reducing environment, thereby restoring hydroxyl radical formation. These findings were confirmed by the detection of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation following the exposure of isolated chromatin to a biomimetic Cu^II(OP)₂ redox-cycling system. We conclude that DNA laddering, the widely employed hallmark of apoptosis, is not unique to endonuclease activity and may also result from direct attack upon DNA by the hydroxyl radical.