4-Hydroxylphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) catalyzes the conversion of 4-hydroxylphenylpyruvate (HPP) to homogentisate, the important step for tyrosine catabolism. Comparison of the structure of human HPPD with the substrate-bound structure of A. thaliana HPPD revealed notably different orientations of the C-terminal helix. This helix performed as a closed conformation in human enzyme. Simulation revealed a different substrate-binding mode in which the carboxyl group of HPP interacted by a H-bond network formed by Gln334, Glu349 (the metal-binding ligand), and Asn363 (in the C-terminal helix). The 4-hydroxyl group of HPP interacted with Gln251 and Gln265. The relative activity and substrate-binding affinity were preserved for the Q334A mutant, implying the alternative role of Asn363 for HPP binding and catalysis. The reduction in kcat/Km of the Asn363 mutants confirmed the critical role in catalysis. Compared to the N363A mutant, the dramatic reduction in the Kd and thermal stability of the N363D mutant implies the side-chain effect in the hinge region rotation of the C-terminal helix. The activity and binding affinity were not recovered by double mutation; however, the 4-hydroxyphenylacetate intermediate formation by the uncoupled reaction of Q334N/N363Q and Q334A/N363D mutants indicated the importance of the H-bond network in the electrophilic reaction. These results highlight the functional role of the H-bond network in a closed conformation of the C-terminal helix to stabilize the bound substrate. The extremely low activity and reduction in Q251E's Kd suggest that interaction coupled with the H-bond network is crucial to locate the substrate for nucleophilic reaction.
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Autophagy is an important component of the innate immune response that restricts infection by different types of pathogens. In this issue Ylä-Anttila and Masucci (pp. 2297–2308) demonstrate the inhibition of selective autophagy by various members of the herpesvirus upiquitin-deconjugase family. The cover image shows representative micrographs illustrating the colocalization of SQSTM1/p62 (red) with LC3 (green) in cells expressing the viral enzymes (grey). The nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Size bars = 10 µm. Image provided by Maria G. Masucci.
Functional role of residues involved in substrate binding of human 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase
Chih-Wei Huang, Chi-Ching Hwang, Yung-Lung Chang, Jen-Tzu Liu, Sheng-Peng Wu, Kai-Ling Huang, Wei-min Huang, Hwei-Jen Lee; Functional role of residues involved in substrate binding of human 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase. Biochem J 25 June 2021; 478 (12): 2201–2215. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20210005
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