LD motifs (leucine–aspartic acid motifs) are short helical protein–protein interaction motifs that have emerged as key players in connecting cell adhesion with cell motility and survival. LD motifs are required for embryogenesis, wound healing and the evolution of multicellularity. LD motifs also play roles in disease, such as in cancer metastasis or viral infection. First described in the paxillin family of scaffolding proteins, LD motifs and similar acidic LXXLL interaction motifs have been discovered in several other proteins, whereas 16 proteins have been reported to contain LDBDs (LD motif-binding domains). Collectively, structural and functional analyses have revealed a surprising multivalency in LD motif interactions and a wide diversity in LDBD architectures. In the present review, we summarize the molecular basis for function, regulation and selectivity of LD motif interactions that has emerged from more than a decade of research. This overview highlights the intricate multi-level regulation and the inherently noisy and heterogeneous nature of signalling through short protein–protein interaction motifs.
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Review Article|
May 29 2014
How to find a leucine in a haystack? Structure, ligand recognition and regulation of leucine–aspartic acid (LD) motifs
Tanvir Alam;
Tanvir Alam
*Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
†Division of Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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Meshari Alazmi;
Meshari Alazmi
*Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
†Division of Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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Xin Gao;
Xin Gao
*Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
†Division of Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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Stefan T. Arold
Stefan T. Arold
1
*Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
‡Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
1To whom correspondence should be addressed (email stefan.arold@kaust.edu.sa).
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Publisher: Portland Press Ltd
Received:
March 03 2014
Revision Received:
March 13 2014
Accepted:
March 19 2014
Online ISSN: 1470-8728
Print ISSN: 0264-6021
© The Authors Journal compilation © 2014 Biochemical Society
2014
Biochem J (2014) 460 (3): 317–329.
Article history
Received:
March 03 2014
Revision Received:
March 13 2014
Accepted:
March 19 2014
Citation
Tanvir Alam, Meshari Alazmi, Xin Gao, Stefan T. Arold; How to find a leucine in a haystack? Structure, ligand recognition and regulation of leucine–aspartic acid (LD) motifs. Biochem J 15 June 2014; 460 (3): 317–329. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20140298
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